{"id":722,"date":"2015-03-20T06:49:00","date_gmt":"2015-03-20T04:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/flexedu.live\/articles\/?p=722"},"modified":"2020-08-06T04:59:00","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T02:59:00","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b7%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flexedu.live\/articles\/?p=722","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 : \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 : \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u061f<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/div>\n
\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628<\/span><\/b> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646  <\/span>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u061b\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c). \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 “\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.”  <\/span>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627”\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629”.<\/span> <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a>\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/a>  <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f.\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0649. <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631  <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632,\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628<\/span><\/i>:<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n
1.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u061b\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629(\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629, \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u061b\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u2013\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062e\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
8. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628.<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n
\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645:<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n
\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0630\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0626 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629- \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629.\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 ,\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.).(\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 1995)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \/\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 “\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626”<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a(\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645(\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 )<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0649(\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 )<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a” <\/span><\/div>\n
\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629(\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0626 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7        <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 (\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n
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\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/div>\n

Ames, C. A. (1990). Motivation: What teachers need to know.Teachers College Record.<\/em> Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 409-421.
Eccles, S., Wigfield, A., and Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In Eisenberg, N. (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology<\/em>. Vol. 3 (5th ed., pp. 1017-1095). New York: Wiley.
Seligman, M. E., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., &Gillham, J. (1995). The optimistic child<\/em>. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Tollefson, N. (2000). Classroom applications of cognitive theories of motivation. Educational Psychology Review<\/em>, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 63-83. <\/p>\n

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